基于边缘检测和区域定位的玉米根茎导航线提取方法

基于玉米根茎图像信息，提出一种基于边缘检测和区域定位的玉米根茎导航线提取方法。首先，利用最大类间方差法自动分割2G-R-B灰度图像，得到二值化图像，结合形态学处理、位置/面积去噪方法提高二值化图像质量，对去噪图像按列累加得到列像素累加曲线；针对传统方法得到的特征点中伪特征点较多的问题，引入高斯滤波器平滑累加曲线，并运用极值法减少玉米根茎伪特征点的干扰，在提取玉米茎秆边缘直线时，提出基于最远茎秆成像宽度的双侧边缘判别思路，通过扫描每条边缘直线的四边形封闭邻域有效剔除伪边缘直线；最后，根据边缘直线二次定位玉米的根茎区域范围，并剔除伪特征点，采用最小二乘线性拟合方法准确提取导航线。试验表明，本文算法处理一幅1280像素×720像素图像耗时约236ms，特征点拟合准确率为92%。与传统方法相比，本文算法精度高、实时性好，在缺苗、杂草较多和株距不标准的情况下仍具有较强的鲁棒性。     

干旱胁迫对不同种源云南松幼苗生物量与根系形态的影响

通过盆栽控水，采用双因素随机区组设计研究了9个不同地理种源云南松幼苗生物量分配和根系形态对干旱胁迫的响应，比较了干旱胁迫下幼苗生物量及其分配以及根系形态在种源间的差异，并通过隶属函数法对不同种源幼苗干旱适应性进行了初步评价。结果表明:1）干旱胁迫下，各种源云南松幼苗地径下降明显，苗高未发生显著变化，各器官生物量和总生物量多呈下降趋势，干旱胁迫并没有导致幼苗根生物量分配比和根冠比的增加，但根系长、比根长、根表面积和比根面积在干旱胁迫下增加显著。2）不同种源云南松幼苗地径、苗高、生物量及其分配比和根系形态在干旱处理下均存在显著差异，其中地径和苗高分别以西昌和双柏种源最大，各器官生物量和总生物量以双柏、西昌和册亨种源较高，察隅种源各器官和总生物量较低，但该种源具有最大的根生物量分配比和根冠比；会泽种源根长、根表面积、比根长和比根面积均最大。研究发现，在土壤水分限制条件下，云南松幼苗以根系形态变化代替根系生物量增加的策略来适应干旱，各种源云南松幼苗生长对干旱胁迫响应的差异可能是由种源地理气候因子长期影响所形成的不同适应性策略所导致。经平均隶属函数值法初步评价了不同种源云南松幼苗对干旱适应性的强弱，结果显示，西藏察隅、云南会泽和四川西昌种源对土壤干旱的适应性较强，云南双柏、贵州册亨、云南云龙种源居中，而云南新平、永仁和禄丰种源适应性较弱。     

Root zone temperature alters storage root formation and growth of sweetpotato

Large mounds amended with plant residues are a common cultivation method for sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas) in the western parts of the Papua New Guinea highlands, with a suggested benefit of elevated root zone temperature (RZT) from decomposition. This study aimed to evaluate whether RZT affects the formation and growth of sweetpotato storage roots. Experiments evaluated the effects of a constant elevated RZT on the Beauregard cultivar and of a short‐term increase in RZT on the Beauregard and Northern Star cultivars. Plants were grown in 18‐L pots divided into a control compartment (constant RZT at 20°C) and a treated compartment (RZT at 30, 40 or 50°C). Constant elevated RZT was maintained until harvest, while short‐term increase in RZT occurred in weeks 2 and 3 only. Constant elevated RZT did not affect the total number of storage roots, but RZT of 30°C and above reduced the dry‐biomass of storage roots. The short‐term increase in RZT did not alter the total number or dry‐biomass of storage roots in Beauregard, while both of these attributes were reduced at RZT of 40°C or above in Northern Star. Elevated RZT inhibited dry‐biomass accumulation of storage root, with a more pronounced impact at constant elevated RZT. These results demonstrate that any benefits of the mound culture on sweetpotato yield production do not arise through the influence of temperature elevation.     

Precipitation forecasting by large-scale climate indices and machine learning techniques

Global warming is one of the most complicated challenges of our time causing considerable tension on our societies and on the environment. The impacts of global warming are felt unprecedentedly in a wide variety of ways from shifting weather patterns that threatens food production, to rising sea levels that deteriorates the risk of catastrophic flooding. Among all aspects related to global warming, there is a growing concern on water resource management. This field is targeted at preventing future water crisis threatening human beings. The very first stage in such management is to recognize the prospective climate parameters influencing the future water resource conditions. Numerous prediction models, methods and tools, in this case, have been developed and applied so far. In line with trend, the current study intends to compare three optimization algorithms on the platform of a multilayer perceptron (MLP) network to explore any meaningful connection between large-scale climate indices (LSCIs) and precipitation in the capital of Iran, a country which is located in an arid and semi-arid region and suffers from severe water scarcity caused by mismanagement over years and intensified by global warming. This situation has propelled a great deal of population to immigrate towards more developed cities within the country especially towards Tehran. Therefore, the current and future environmental conditions of this city especially its water supply conditions are of great importance. To tackle this complication an outlook for the future precipitation should be provided and appropriate forecasting trajectories compatible with this region's characteristics should be developed. To this end, the present study investigates three training methods namely backpropagation (BP), genetic algorithms (GAs), and particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithms on a MLP platform. Two frameworks distinguished by their input compositions are denoted in this study: Concurrent Model Framework (CMF) and Integrated Model Framework (IMF). Through these two frameworks, 13 cases are generated: 12 cases within CMF, each of which contains all selected LSCIs in the same lead-times, and one case within IMF that is constituted from the combination of the most correlated LSCIs with Tehran precipitation in each lead-time. Following the evaluation of all model performances through related statistical tests, Taylor diagram is implemented to make comparison among the final selected models in all three optimization algorithms, the best of which is found to be MLP-PSO in IMF.     

种衣剂对防治雪梨瓜根腐病的药效研究

本文通过室内试验评估种衣剂对雪梨瓜种子发芽及苗期生长发育的安全性,并通过田间试验,比较种衣剂在不同时期对病情指数、防治效果及产量的影响,以筛选出对雪梨瓜根腐病防治效果理想的种衣剂。结果表明,4种种衣剂对雪梨瓜生长发育均安全。25%噻虫·咯·霜灵、12%甲·嘧·甲霜灵药后20 d防治效果达60%以上,62.5 g/L精甲·咯菌腈药后20 d的防效在50%以上;25%噻虫·咯·霜灵的稳定性好于12%甲·嘧·甲霜灵;35%多·福·克前期防治效果好,但持效性差。4种种衣剂对雪梨瓜都有一定的增产效果,25%噻虫·咯·霜灵增产23.30%,35%多·福·克增产17.96%。种衣剂处理能够有效防治雪梨瓜根腐病,在生产上建议首选25%噻虫·咯·霜灵作为雪梨瓜种衣剂,12%甲·嘧·甲霜灵和62.5 g/L精甲·咯菌腈可作为备选药剂交替使用。     

新疆西梅栽培研究进展

西梅的果实是一种具有较高经济价值的储藏器官。新疆是西梅的主要产区之一,为使西梅的果实能具有较高的品质和产量,在适宜砧木的选择、优良品种的搭配、建园模式、高效栽培树形、土肥水管理和病虫害防治等方法和技术上都要有较高的要求。文章综述目前西梅的研究,结合新疆生产现状总结出提高西梅果实品质和产量的一系列方法和措施。     

间作香露兜提高槟榔根系生长和土壤酶活性

采用盆栽试验的方法,对槟榔单作、香露兜单作和槟榔间作香露兜3种栽培模式下根系生长发育和土壤酶活性进行比较研究。结果表明：槟榔间作香露兜促进了槟榔干物质累积,且分配到根系的干物质相对增多,地下部干物质质量显著增加,对香露兜的影响不显著;间作后显著增加槟榔叶片SPAD值,对香露兜无显著影响;间作模式下槟榔总根长、根系总表面积、根数目显著增多,分别比单作增加了78.64%、50.96%、81.22%,而且间作对槟榔根系生长发育的促进作用大于香露兜;槟榔间作香露兜后,土壤酸性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶活性均显著高于槟榔单作,土壤脲酶与槟榔单作无显著差异,但显著低于香露兜单作;土壤过氧化物酶活性与根数目和根体积呈显著正相关。综上所述,槟榔与香露兜根系之间竞争较小,与槟榔单作相比,槟榔间作香露兜模式能够促进槟榔根系生长,提高土壤酶活性。     

玉米根系分泌物对连作花生土壤酚酸类物质化感作用的影响

为探究玉米花生间作系统中玉米根系分泌物对连作花生土壤的酚酸类物质化感作用的影响机制，利用CH2Cl2提取了玉米抽雄期根系分泌物，通过室内模拟培养法，研究了玉米根系分泌物对含有不同浓度肉桂酸、邻苯二甲酸及对羟基苯甲酸3种酚酸类物质土壤的微生态环境的影响。结果表明，酚酸类物质均显著降低了土壤微生物量碳和氮的含量，抑制了土壤微生物活性，土壤酶（脲酶、酸性磷酸酶和蔗糖酶）活性和养分含量（碱解氮、有效磷和有效钾）亦显著降低，且浓度越高化感抑制作用（RI＜0）越强（P＜0.05）。玉米根系分泌物可降低酚酸类物质对土壤微生物活性、微生物量、酶活性及养分含量的化感指数，以低浓度处理的降幅较大，且在处理第5 d和10 d显著增加了3种酚酸类物质处理的土壤呼吸强度、酶活性、微生物量及养分含量（P＜0.05）；不同酚酸类物质中，以邻苯二甲酸所受影响最大。整个培养时期，玉米根系分泌物对酚酸类物质化感作用的影响以处理第5 d最强，随后呈减弱趋势。3次取样，土壤微生物量、微生物活性、酶活性和养分含量的化感指数分别降低10.03%~64.13%、9.72%~57.51%、13.16%~78.85%和5.88%~59.71%。玉米根系分泌物可通过提高土壤微生物量、微生物活性及养分含量，来降低肉桂酸、邻苯二甲酸和对羟基苯甲酸对土壤微生态环境的化感作用。结果为玉米花生间作缓解花生连作障碍技术提供一定的理论依据。     

不同磷水平柱花草磷效率及根构型研究

为研究不同磷水平下柱花草磷效率的基因型差异及其与根构型的关系，利用盆栽试验，以磷低效、磷高效、磷敏感3种基因型柱花草品种为材料，研究0、0020、0035、0050、0075、0100、0200 g·kg-1共7个磷水平下，不同基因型柱花草的磷营养特性；并进一步比较两个代表性基因型（磷低效、磷高效）柱花草在对照(0 g·kg-1)、缺磷(0010 g·kg-1)、正常磷（0025 g·kg-1）处理下苗期根系生长状况，从而确定根构型与磷效率的关系。结果表明：不同基因型植株的磷含量、吸磷量随磷浓度的增加而增加，磷利用效率对磷浓度的反应趋势则相反。在不同磷处理下，磷高效基因型的磷利用效率均较高，且随着磷浓度的增加不同基因型品种磷利用效率的变化趋势度表现为：磷高效＜磷低效＜磷敏感。随着磷胁迫的加重，磷高效和磷低效基因型的侧根数、主根长、根体积、根表面积和根活跃吸收面积均增加，根直径减小。磷高效基因型柱花草根体积显著高于磷低效基因型，且在其他根构型指标上优于磷低效基因型。磷高效基因型品种较耐低磷，柱花草根系形态的改变是其适应低磷胁迫的重要机制。研究为柱花草的优质栽培提供理论依据。     

莲藕中甘薯潜隐病毒实时荧光定量PCR检测技术的建立及应用

甘薯潜隐病毒莲藕分离物（sweet potato latent virus-lotus，SPLV-lotus）在江苏省莲藕产区普遍引起发病，并且该分离物序列与已报道的SPLV甘薯分离物存在较大差异。为进一步监测SPLV-lotus在莲藕上的发生情况，针对SPLV-lotus的CP基因设计并优化特异性引物QSPLV-lotus3-F/QSPLV-lotus3-R，通过优化引物浓度和退火温度条件，构建标准曲线，建立了SPLV-lotus实时荧光定量PCR（Real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction，RT-qPCR）检测技术。该方法特异性强，可以快速检测出SPLV-lotus，灵敏度为普通PCR的100倍，可广泛应用于脱毒莲藕SPLV-lotus的精确检测。